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                  <text>Vernacular Jewish notarial wills</text>
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                  <text>These wills were written by Jewish notaries in vernacular European languages. </text>
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                <text>Laura, widow of Elia di Perugia: Rome, 1626</text>
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                <text>Laura, daughter of Moise Abbina, widow of Elia di Perugia (alias di Pinto)</text>
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                <text>Laura dictated her will to the Jewish rabbi/notary Salamone di Santoro da Pitigliano, and he recorded it in Italian. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Detailed Description from Kenneth Stow: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Laura di q.m Moise Abbina, widow of q.m Elia di Perugia, alias di Pinto, writes her will and reccomands her soul &lt;em&gt;all'onipotente Iddio de Israel, pregandolo con ogne efficacia maggiore che se degni perdonarli li suoi peccati da lei commessi in questa umana vita e racoglierla et acettarla nel santo paradiso p&amp;gt; sua divina bontà pietaà e misericordia&lt;/em&gt;; she asks her son in law Moise q.m Leone di Frosinone and her grandson Giuseppe (Ioseph) di Leone di q.m Giuseppe (Ioseph) Argentino, son of her daughter Olimpia, to say the Kaddish for her, since she does not have male sons, and to this end she leaves two scudi each; 15 scudi have to be spent for a "&lt;em&gt;lampa d'argento" &lt;/em&gt;for the "&lt;em&gt;scola castigliana per elemosina per l'anima sua&lt;/em&gt;." She leaves to the &lt;em&gt;Scola castigliana&lt;/em&gt;, each week, for one year &lt;em&gt;un mezzo di oglio&lt;/em&gt; for her soul, and 1 scudo for each of the &lt;em&gt;compagnie&lt;/em&gt; of &lt;em&gt;Ghemilut hasadim, Talmud Tora, di Betulod, matir asurim, Ierusalaim,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;alla cassetta del caal (Kahal) grande&lt;/em&gt;. To her sister Diamante, widow of q.m Lazzaro di Fiorentini, who lives in Firenze, "10 piastri di Fiorenza"; to her brother Sabato she leaves 2 scudi, and to Sabato, son of q.m Manuele, her brother, 1 scudo; to her nephews Moise and Samuele, sons of q.m Alessandro Abbina, her brother, 1 sc. Each. Universal heirs of her estate are her daughters Olimpia, wife of Leone di q.m Ioseph Argentino, and Stella, wife of Moise q.m Leone di Frosinone; the sons in law are to be the executors of her will.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Rome, Italy</text>
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                <text>5 March 1626</text>
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                <text>Archivio Storico Capitolino, Rome</text>
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                <text>ASC, F.15, (l.1,) ff.38r.-39v. 1626-03-05 </text>
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                <text>Italian</text>
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                <text>Kenneth Stow</text>
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        <name>confraternity</name>
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                  <text>Vernacular Jewish notarial wills</text>
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                  <text>These wills were written by Jewish notaries in vernacular European languages. </text>
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                <text>Grazia, wife of Angelo, daughter of Leuccio di Tivoli: Rome, 1617</text>
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                <text>Grazia, wife of Angelo, daughter of Leuccio di Tivoli</text>
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                <text>Grazia dictated her will to the Jewish rabbi/notary Simone de Castelnuovo, who recorded it in Italian. At the time of her will dictation, Grazia was married but had no children. The vast majority of her few goods she left to the Compagnia di Ghemilut hasadim, the confraternity that often took care of the sick and poor. She also left 2 scudi to a synagogue (scola), meant to pay for oil. She left one scudi to her husband Angelo and her sister Prudenzia, "neofita." To another couple, Raffaele and his wife Bensivenuta, she left a used article of clothing ("una vesta paonaza usata") so that their son, Vitale, would say kaddish (the mourner's prayer) for her soul after her death, ostensibly because she did not have sons. She also left to her "compare," the son of Salomone Trevis, 5 "giuli." An inventory follows the will, listing the few goods she owns. </text>
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                <text>9 July 1617</text>
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                <text>Archivio Storico Capitolino, Rome</text>
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                <text>ASC, F.9, l.4, ff.17r.-18v. 1617-07-09 </text>
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                <text>Kenneth Stow</text>
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        <name>clothing</name>
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        <name>confraternity</name>
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        <name>kaddish</name>
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                  <text>Hebrew Notarial Wills </text>
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                <text>Perna, widow of the late Beniamino Cohen: Rome, 1577</text>
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                <text>Perna, widow of the late Beniamino Cohen</text>
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                <text>Perna, identified as elderly ("zeqena"), bequeaths her dowry funds mostly to relatives. She leaves 3 scudi to one David di Hannania di Sabatello, for him to say the mourner's prayer (&lt;em&gt;kaddish&lt;/em&gt;) for her, noting quite cheekily that he should only receive the money if he actually says kaddish for her. She also leaves small amounts to a synagogue (Scola Tempio), and two confraternities, one that cares for the needy and ill (Ghemilut Hasadim) and a women's confraternity (Betulot, literally virgins, a society that dowered brides). The will was recorded by Isach Piattelli, a Jewish notary, in Hebrew. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DETAILED DESCRIPTION FROM KENNETH STOW: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the house of Menachem q.m Beniamino Cohen, his mother, the &lt;em&gt;zechenah &lt;/em&gt;Perna, widow q.m Beniamino, writes her will, disposing of the 40 sc. which her husband gave her as dowry, since she did not bring any money of her own. She leaves 7 sc. to the &lt;em&gt;bachurah&lt;/em&gt; Rinuzza, daughter of her brother Sabato, to be given to her when she marries; 5 sc. to Salomone, Moise and Giuseppe the mute, sons of her brother Elia; 5 sc. to Perna, daughter of her sister Preziosa; to her grandson Beniamino, son of Menachem 15 sc. as a &lt;em&gt;matanah ghemurah&lt;/em&gt; to be used to study the Torah regularly; 3 sc. to David di Hannania di Sabatello to say the kaddish, but only if he actually says it; 3 sc. to her granddaughter Rosa, wife of Gabriele di Palestrina, daughter of Menachem; and 1 sc. each to the Scola Tempio, Ghemilut Hasadim and the "Betulot, that is the company of the women".&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Witnesses for the act are: Giacobbe di Benedetto Ha Rofeh del Piglio; Benedetto q.m Isach Levi Tedeschi; Haim q.m Saadia Moresco; Natan q.m Yehudah Tripolese; Angelo q.m Sabato Negri; Giacobbe q.m Gabriele di Nepi; and Benedetto q.m Isach Perugia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE FROM K.S.: The &lt;em&gt;mattanah gemurah&lt;/em&gt; is the Hebrew equivalent of an “irrevocable gift,” a &lt;em&gt;donatio inter vivos,&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;em&gt;ius commune&lt;/em&gt;, although the term is Talmudic in origin.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>15 August 1577</text>
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                <text>Archivio Storico Capitolino, Rome</text>
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