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                  <text>Responsa Wills</text>
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                <text>Rachel: &lt;span&gt;Arévalo, c. 1300 CE&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Rachel</text>
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                <text>The will of Rachel is known from a responsa of the famed Sevillian rabbi Yom Tom Asevili, the Ritva. Rachel seems to have no children, but it is unclear if she is a widow or has never been married. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the will, she establishes a private pious foundation (&lt;em&gt;heqdesh&lt;/em&gt;) for the sake of making a new synagogue and to support men and women praying there on a daily basis. She notably donates her own real estate (where she currently lives) for this purpose, and articulates that she does so for the sake of her soul ("le-toelet nishmati"), akin to the common Latin testamentary formula "pro anima mea." She also notes that this must be done with the approval of the state.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PARTIAL TRANSCRIPTION from Galinsky, "'And It Is for the Glory,'" 124:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;אנו עדים חתומי מטה נכנסנו לבקר למרת רחל וכו', ואחר שהיא מנחת ונותנת סך ידוע לכל הכתות, אומרת אנכי מצוה ומקדשת לשמים לתועלת נשמתי כל הבתים והעליות שאנכי דרה ומשתמשת בהן שהן בשכונת ישראל באריואל מן התקרה שעל הבתים האמצעיות ולמעלה עד רום רקיעאצ , על ענין זה שישתדלו האפטרופסין שלי הנז' למטה לעשות בהם בית הכנסת ברשות המלכות וההגמון לאנשים ונשים שיהיו מתפללין שם תפילה בכל יום ויום&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;PARTIAL TRANSLATION from Galinsky, "Jewish Charitable Bequests," 431:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I am commanding and donating to heaven for the benefit of my soul [&lt;em&gt;le-toelet nishmati]&lt;/em&gt; all the houses and upper floors that I live in and use."</text>
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                <text>Arévalo, Castile, Spain</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>c. 1300 CE</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Responsa of the Ritva&lt;/em&gt;, ed. Yosef Kafah (Jerusalem: Mossad HaRav Kook, 1988), no. 161.</text>
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                <text>Judah Galinsky, "Jewish Charitable Bequests and the Hekdesh Trust in Thirteenth-Century Spain," 431 and 437.</text>
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                <text>Galinsky, "U'letiferet gadol she-yizkeru shemo," 124.</text>
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                <text>Hebrew</text>
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                <text>Spain</text>
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                <text>Judah Galinsky</text>
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        <name>real estate</name>
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        <name>Ritva</name>
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        <name>state</name>
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        <name>synagogue</name>
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        <name>transcription</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Latinate Wills</text>
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                <text>Gemma, widow of Manuele di Bonaiuto da Camerino: Florence, 1499</text>
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                <text>Gemma, the daughter of Salomone di Aliuccio Fano and his wife Brunetta, widow of Manuele di Bonaiuto da Camerino</text>
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                <text>Gemma's mother Brunetta's will (Poggibonsi, 1473) is also part of this collection. A good deal about this family and this will's larger context is known. See Borgolotto and Garruto, "Testamenti femminili toscani," 69-72. Gemma's husband came from a well-known Roman Jewish family, and was a very important moneylender active in Florence. The couple seems to have had no children. Gemma had been named as her husband's heir, unless she chose to remarry, which she did not do. She had also been left a good deal of money that had been invested in various loan banks, leaving her responsible to administer a very large set of assets. &#13;
&#13;
Gemma's will was made in her home in Florence. &#13;
&#13;
She named as her universal heirs those who her husband had named to succeed her should she have gotten remarried: Salomone and Angelo di Abramo di San Miniato, brothers from a well-known Tuscan Jewish family. She says that she should be married in the cemetery in the neighborhood of San Miniato (where her husband Manuele had been buried). &#13;
&#13;
Gemma left a series of bequests to members of her family of origin. She left 150 florins to her nephews Consiglio and Bonaventura, the sons of her brother Elia. She also left them goods stored in two chests which were located in the third room of her house. They were also ordered within two years of Gemma's death to use 20 florins to pay for a teacher to teach Jewish boys. &#13;
&#13;
As a fulfillment of a mandate from her husband's will, Gemma also left 100 florins for Manuele, the son of her late brother Daniele. She also left Manuele another 10 florins, which should come from the sale of the household goods of her house in Florence. &#13;
&#13;
She also left a house and garden in the neighborhood of San Giovanni Val d'Arno to her universal heirs and their father Abramo, in payment for a debt of 40 florins she owed them. If her heirs decided to sell the garden, she conditioned, they had to use the profits to maintain the synagogue that her husband had founded in the neighborhood of San Giovanni Val d'Arno. If they didn't want to sell the garden, they were ordered to give 40 florins to the oratory of San Giovanni Valdarno. </text>
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                <text>Florence, Italy</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>5 July 1499</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2486">
                <text>Archivio di Stato, Florence</text>
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                <text>ASFi, Notarile Antecosimiano, n. 16841, fols. 316r-319r. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2488">
                <text>See Borgolotto and Garruto, "Testamenti femminili toscani," 69-72. </text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2489">
                <text>Latin</text>
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                <text>Italy</text>
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        <name>burial</name>
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        <name>material culture</name>
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        <name>real estate</name>
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        <name>teacher</name>
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                  <text>Latinate Wills</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2371">
                <text>Disiata, widow of Muxa de Galfa: Sciacca, 1486</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Disiata, widow of Muxa de Galfa</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2373">
                <text>Sciacca, Sicily</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2374">
                <text>7 November 1486</text>
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                <text>Sezione di Archivio di Stato, Sciacca&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SASS, not. Pietro Randazzo, reg. 27, cc. 41v-42v</text>
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                <text>See Scandaliato, &lt;em&gt;L'ultimo canto di Ester,&lt;/em&gt; p. 208</text>
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                <text>See Perani, "Le firme in ebraico e in giudeo-arabo dei Bulfarag, parenti di Guglielmo Raimondo Moncada, in atti dei notai di Sciacca e Caltabellotta e nella ketubbah di Giv'at Lot," 145-146.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2376">
                <text>Latin</text>
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                <text>Italy</text>
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                <text>Disiata names as her universal heirs her brother Xibitello de Galiono and her nephew Busacca, the son of Siminto de Galiono (another brother). She leaves other bequests to her neice Rachila, her daughter Gaudiosa, and her sister Stella. She also leaves to the synagogue (&lt;em&gt;meskita&lt;/em&gt;) money to buy oil, funded through the rent from a house she owned.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As in a number of other such documents, Jewish signatories sign their names in Hebrew characters (Judeo-Arabic), and the notary renders the names in Latin letters (Sicilian).</text>
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                <text>TRANSCRIPTION from Scandaliato, pp. 208-209&#13;
&#13;
Archivio di Stato di Sciacca, Notai de/unti, notaio P. Randazzo, vol. 27, 7 Novembre 1485. &#13;
&#13;
Eodem die VII novembris. &#13;
&#13;
Testarnur quod presens coram nobis Disiata iudea relicta condam Muxe de Galfa, iacens in lecto, egrota corpore, sana tamen mente et racionabilis intellectus, existens in sua bona et perfecta memoria, in­telligibiliter loquens, timens autem divinum iudicium et dubiam hora mortis, dubitans nee forte ab hoc seculo decederet intestata, volens suecure providere et de suis bonis temporalibus disponere, ne inter suc­cessores suos lis seu questio aliqua oriatur, presens suum ultimum nun­cupativum testamentum per manus mei infrascripti notarii facere procuravit in hunc modum videlicet: imprimis instituit, fecit et sol­lenniter ordinavit suos heredes universales in omnibus et singulis bonis suis mobilibus et stabilibus, iuribus ·et accionibus universis ubicumque existentibus et melius apparentibus, Xibitellam de Galione eius fratrem et Busaccam de Galione eius nepotem filium Siminto de Galione eiusdem testatricis fratrem, equis porcionibus; ita quod si dic­tus Busacca mori contingerit in pupillari etate vel quandocumque si­ne liberis de suo corpore legitime descendentibus, substituit ei pre­fatum Siminto eiusdem Busacce patrem. &#13;
&#13;
Item instituit suam heredem particularem Rachilam eius neptem, filiam Gaudiose eius sororis in to­tam illam raube quantitatem existentem in posse dicte Gaudiose de presente preter certas periulas et certos anulos argenteos et certas buc­tunellas argenteas, que periule et argenti volit quod sint dictorum he­redum universalium. Item instituit suarn heredem particularem Stillam eius sororem xorem Bracheni Tunnina in una gunella muliebre panni belvi virdi clausi et uno tilario folcito. Item prelegavit dicte Rachile eius nepti omnia stivilia sue domus et quamdam eius gunnellam coloris azoli usatam, quae voluit vendi debere et de precio illorum ematur ma­trazium seu conplimentum unius lecti deficientis in superiori rauba in qua est instituta dicta Rachila heres particularis.&#13;
&#13;
Item legavit mischite iudeorum ipsius Terre Sacce duas partes domorum, quarum altera ter­cia pars fuit et est ipsius miskite, cum condicione tamen, quod dicta quod (sic) iudayca Terre Sacce teneatur dare et assignare dictis here­dibus universalibus uncias duas in fine anni unius post obitum dicte te­statricis, quas domos eidem miskite vinculavit et vinculat et voluit et mandavit quod dicta iudayca non possit nee valeat alia personas (sic) pro dicta miskita dictas domos vendere, pignorare, obligare nee ab ea­dem miskita afferri possit quacumque ex causa, sed semper et im­perpetuum stet pro dicta miskita quod fructus seu loherium dictarum domorum convertatur in empicione oley pro dicta miskita, quod loherium fructus domorum anno quolibet exigi debet per Thesaurarium oley, qui pro ... fuerunt ipsius miskite et converti debent ad opus ut su­pra. Et hec fuit et est eius ultima voluntas et suum ultimum nuncu­pativum testamentum, quam et quod valere voluit et mandavit, iu­raverunt testes etc. &#13;
&#13;
Testes: Siminto lu Farachi, Robinus Galionus, Sadias de Bene­dicto, Xibitella Conmissu, Busacca Iubayra, Manuel Gindusu et Xi­lorn de ... </text>
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        <name>synagogue</name>
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                <text>Altadonna, widow of Minixi de Messina: Palermo, 1454</text>
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                <text>Altadonna, widow of Minixi de Messina</text>
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                <text>Palermo, Sicily</text>
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                <text>6 March 1454</text>
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                <text>Archivio di Stato, Palermo</text>
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                <text>ASP, not. Nicolo Aprea, reg. 833, cc. 266v-267v</text>
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                <text>See Scandaliato, "Haec est eius ultima voluntas..."</text>
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                <text>Codicil: ASP Not. Nicolo Aprea, reg. 833, no fol. page.</text>
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                <text>Codicil: See Simonsohn, &lt;em&gt;Jews in Sicily&lt;/em&gt;, 11, 7012. </text>
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                <text>The original will is written on 6 March 1454. She names her son Salomone as universal heir.&#13;
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On 26 March, Altadonna adds a codicil which orders Lia (a son?) to be paid 7.15 ounces. Until the time that Lia is paid that amount, he should be allowed to live in one of the houses that had originally been left to the universal heir Salomone. She also confirms that Lia is entitled to an annual rent of two ounces.&#13;
&#13;
Simonsohn records the late  husband's name as Muxixi; Scandaliato reads it as Minixi (used here). </text>
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                <text>Sitt al-Husn was married to a scholar/judge, and dictated her deathbed will on a Saturday. Due to the prohibition of writing on Sabbath, the will could not be recorded until the Sabbat was over. The bequests include manumissions and real estate gifts to the freed slave women, with the condition that they remain Jewish. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DETAILED DESCRIPTION FROM THE PRINCETON GENIZA PROJECT: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Legal document. Deathbed will of the wife of a scholar, ca. probably 1151. A personal record of an anonymous writer, apparently a member of the court. Together with four other people he was called to attend the deathbed declaration of Sitt al-Husn, the wife of Judge Natan b. Shemuʾel ha-Ḥaver, "the Diadem of the Scholars." Since it was a Saturday, the official report could not be written, and the writer noted the main parts of the declaration immediately after Saturday was over, in order not to forget it. He was probably a court clerk, since his record contains the main formal elements of a regular deed. The woman frees her two female slaves and bequeaths them a quarter of a compound belonging to her, and dedicates half the compound in which the declaration is given to the qodesh. The two female slaves can live in the room in which the declaration is given, provided they keep the Jewish faith. An eighth of another compound partly owned by her is to be sold to cover the expenses ofher burial. She also states which of her belongings should be given to her husband. (Information from Gil, Documents, pp. 270 #55)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;a href="https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/1041/"&gt;https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/1041/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See above link for IMAGE and TRANSCRIPTION.</text>
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                <text>Goitein, "Wills and Deathbed Declarations from the Cairo Geniza‎" (in Hebrew), &lt;em&gt;Sefunot‎&lt;/em&gt; 8 (1964).</text>
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                <text>DETAILED DESCRIPTION FROM THE PRINCETON GENIZA PROJECT:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Deathbed declaration, AD 1006. ORC 7/10/86 [P]. The document is a deathbed declaration, made by a woman whose name is not preserved. The upper part of the document is missing, but the reconstruction, as proposed by Assaf, would be approximately as follows: "This is what happened before us, the undersigned witnesses, on the date of ... We entered the house of ... and found her sick in her bed, etc." The woman bequeaths one third of a compound owned by her in Qasr al-Sham' to the two synagogues, of the Palestinians and the Babylonians, in equal parts. One sixth of the compound is handed over to a certain Fa'iza, on the condition that she marries; if she dies unmarried, this sixth also would pass to the two synagogues, and not to any of Fa'iza's heirs. Another third of the compound is willed, in equal parts, to the testator's brother Sahlan and to Rayyisa, the daughter of her other brother, Ephraim. One twelfth of the compound has previously been sold to another niece of the testator's, Sutayt, the daughter of her sister Sayyida, for 14 Mu'izzi dinars. This sum was spent for timber, to be used for repairs in the compound. Another twelfth is to be sold, and the revenue (14 dinars) used to cover the expenditures for the transportation of the woman's body to Jerusalem and her burial there. (Information from Gil, Documents, pp. 119 #1))&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;a href="https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/1704/"&gt;https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/1704/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See above link for IMAGE and TRANSCRIPTION.</text>
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https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/3188/</text>
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                <text>This widow, whose name remains unknown, appears in at least two dispositive documents, constituting three shelf-marks. That is to say, she testated an original will, which is in one piece. A revision exists as two fragments that have been re-joined by scholars. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The original will was made at some point after 1100 CE, likely in 1126 (see below, next paragraph). It functions mostly as a corrective to a gift she had previously given. That is to say, she had given half of her house and the rest of her goods to a maidservant (apparently a freed woman named Nashu). And then, on her deathbed, she asks the maidservant to give an eighth of the house (i.e. a quarter of what she had received) to the widow's niece (her sister's daughter), named Najiyya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two days before she dies, on 11 Iyyar 1126 CE, the widow revises the will again. In this codicil, Najiyya is promised the abovementioned part of the house, but only under the condition that Najiyya and her husband give up claims to any of the widow's other goods. A few other clauses appear here too, including a manumission. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DESCRIPTION (OF THE ORIGINAL WILL ) FROM THE PRINCETON GENIZA PROJECT: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deathbed declaration in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe, right upper corner. An old widow who had given her maidservant half of a house and the rest of her belongings asks her to renounce one eight of the share in the house, which she wishes to give to her sister's daughter, Najiya. (Information from Mediterranean Society, V, pp. 134, 442) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;a href="https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/2419/"&gt;https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/2419/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See above link for IMAGE and TRANSCRIPTION.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DESCRIPTION (OF THE REVISION) FROM THE PRINCETON GENIZA PROJECT: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;This document consists of two fragments; the right side is document T-S 16.44 and the left side is document T-S 12.613, the break between the two documents is indicated in the transcription by /. Change of a will, signed by Ḥalfon b. Ghalib and Yefet b. Efrayim two days before the death of the testator, saying that Najiya receives part of a house from the dying sister of her mother on condition that she and her husband renounce all other claims on the estate. Another woman receives another part, and a man promises to marry her and never divorce her. Dated 1126. (Information from Goitein's index cards.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alternate description: Part of a document regarding the changing of a will two days before the testator’s death, dated 11 Iyyar 1126 CE and in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe ha-Levi. Najiyya is to receive part of a house from her dying maternal aunt on condition that she and her husband Abū Naṣr Mevasser ha-Levi renounce all other claims on the estate. A freed woman (Našū) will receive another part of the house. Yefet b. Ḥadīd is also released by the dying woman. Signed by Ḥalfon b. Ḡālib the cantor and Yefet b. Ephraim. (Information from CUDL.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(See &lt;a href="https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/3188/"&gt;https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/3188/)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See above link for IMAGE and TRANSCRIPTION</text>
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                <text>Princeton Geniza Project: &lt;a href="https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/2198/"&gt;https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/2198/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Na'ima's deathbed will is written in both Hebrew (the opening which situates the testator as sick but in her right mind) and Judeo-Arabic (the bequests). The end of the document is missing. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DESCRIPTION FROM THE PRINCETON GENIZA PROJECT: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Will of Na’ima bt. Yaʿaqov stating that one-half of a house with a store in Malij that she bought from her son for six dinars, with the money she received from her second husband at divorce, was to be divided as gifts: one-quarter to a grandson and the other quarter to a granddaughter. Twelfth century. (S. D. Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 4:275) EMS &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;a href="https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/2198/"&gt;https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/documents/2198/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See above link for IMAGE and TRANSCRIPTION.</text>
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                <text>See Simonsohn, Jews in Sicily, 11, no. 6937; see Bresc, &lt;em&gt;Arabi per lingua&lt;/em&gt;, p. 135.</text>
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                <text>The widow Altadonna makes her three sons, Merdoc, Sabet, and Benedetto, her universal heirs, but also leaves them particular real estate and other items. She leaves to her sons, Merdoc and Sabet, a home, with details about where the home is located (between a tavern and another residential house). Sabet also receives ten ounces "in bonis mobilibus" (otherwise unspecified) and a silk "cortina." The oldest son, Benedetto, receives a store, and its location is also spelled out in detail. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The will also notes that Altadonna had given her sons certain assets in an &lt;em&gt;inter vivos&lt;/em&gt; document.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She leaves four ounces to the the synagoge of Palermo to be given within a year of her death. </text>
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                <text>Eudochia records a will because she is planning to travel from Candia to Jerusalem. She names her three grandsons (Lingiachus, Iochuda, and Chavi) as her executors. She also seems to have a fourth grandson, still a minor, named Lingiachus, who is the son of deceased parents: Chana and Chagi of Alexandria. (The will does not specify that Chana is Eudochia's daughter.) &#13;
&#13;
In her will, Eudochia leaves her home in the Jewish quarter of Candia to her executors on the condition that her minor grandson Lingiachus marry  Eudochia, the daughter of Chavi, one of the executors. The condition here divides the home into four parts; three parts get divided between the three executors. The fourth part goes to Chavi, to give over to Lingiachus as dowry for Eudochia. &#13;
&#13;
If Eudochia, daughter of Chavi, dies, then Lingiachus is instructed to marry another great-granddaughter named Eudochia, here the daughter of Iochuda. In this case, the fourth part of the real estate would go to Iochuda, to use as dowry for his daughter. &#13;
&#13;
Should Lingiachus not marry either girl,  he should not get a chunk of the real estate, i.e. via the dowry. He should receive instead a payment of 45 hyperpera. &#13;
&#13;
Eudochia also seeks to nullify a lease agreement that had been made between the minor Lingiachus's late mother Chana and the testator, through which she held the top floor of the building owned by Eudochia. &#13;
&#13;
Another conditional bequest expresses further anxiety about Lingiachus not fulfilling his grandmother's request. If Lingiachus or anyone else tries to undermine Eudochia's order, he should not get anything that he's been previously promised in the will, but it would go instead to the executors. &#13;
&#13;
Next, Eudochia wants it known that Chavi, representing all three executors, has promised to pay her sixty hyperpera for the house, and that they have already paid 22 hyperpera of this amount. &#13;
&#13;
She leaves another 38 hyperpera to a Jewish man named Michael Tobia who is involved in getting Eudochia to Jerusalem, apparently leaving on 15 November (about a month after this will is made). Should Eudochia die before leaving, the executors are told not to pay Michael anything, but rather to do what they see fit with this money "for the sake of my soul" (i.e. give it to charity), and also to give the young Lingiachus five hyperpera.  </text>
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                <text>Kerana testates during an illness, and names her mother Herini as her executor. She leaves her daughter Kali 10 hyperpera. She also gives Kali a home that Kerana had received from her own mother. She also leaves money for expenses for her son Puerulo. She also leaves objects (a silk cloak and "par unum de sorcellis que habeo") to pay for her burial costs. The rest should go to Kerana's sons, Iaco and Helia, "with this condition: that if either die before they come of age, that the part of the deceased should go to the living." If both die, their legacy should go to Xeno, Kerana's brother. </text>
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